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Gray's anatomy for students / Richard L. Drake, PhD, FAAA, Director of Anatomy, Professor of Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner college of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, A. Wayne Vogl, PhD, FAAA, Professor of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Physiological Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Adam W.M. Mitchell, MB BS, FRCS, FRCR, Consultant Radiologist, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Honorary Senior Lecturer Imperial College, London, United Kindom ; illustrations by Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson ; photographs by Ansell Horn.

Drake, Richard L. (Richard Lee), 1950- (Author). Vogl, Wayne. (Added Author). Mitchell, Adam W. M. (Added Author). Gray, Henry, 1825-1861 Anatomy. (Added Author).

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This completely revised 3rd edition continues to focus on the information you need for your anatomy courses.

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ISBN: 9780702051319
ISBN: 0702051314
ISBN: 9780702051326
ISBN: 0702051322
ISBN: 0702051330
ISBN: 9780702051333
ISBN: 1455758981
ISBN: 9781455758982
Physical Description: xxv, 1161 pages : illustrations ustrations (chiefly color) ; 28 cm
Edition: Third edition.
Publisher: Philadelphia, PA : Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, [2015]

Content descriptions

General Note:	Revision of: Anatomy / Henry Gray. Includes index.
Formatted Contents Note:	The body -- Back -- Thorax -- Abdomen -- Pelvis and perineum -- Lower limb -- Upper limb -- Head and neck.

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Human anatomy.
Anatomy.

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Table of Contents

Syndetic Solutions - Table of Contents for ISBN Number 9780702051319

Gray's Anatomy for Students : With Student Consult Online Access

by Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, A. Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W. M.

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Table of Contents

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Gray's Anatomy for Students : With Student Consult Online Access

Section	Section Description	Page Number
1	The body
	What is anatomy?	p. 4
	How can gross anatomy be studied?	p. 4
	Important anatomical terms	p. 4
	Imaging	p. 7
	Diagnostic imaging techniques	p. 7
	Nuclear medicine imaging	p. 10
	Image interpretation	p. 11
	Plain radiography	p. 12
	Computed tomography	p. 12
	Magnetic resonance imaging	p. 13
	Nuclear medicine imaging	p. 13
	Safety in imaging	p. 13
	Body systems	p. 14
	Skeletal system	p. 14
	Cartilage	p. 14
	Bone	p. 15
	Joints	p. 20
	Skin and fascias	p. 26
	Skin	p. 26
	Fascia	p. 26
	Muscular system	p. 27
	Cardiovascular system	p. 29
	Lymphatic system	p. 31
	Lymphatic vessels	p. 31
	Lymph nodes	p. 32
	Lymphatic trunks and ducts	p. 32
	Nervous system	p. 34
	Central nervous system	p. 34
	Functional subdivisions of the CNS	p. 34
	Somatic part of the nervous system	p. 35
	Visceral part of the nervous system	p. 41
	Other systems	p. 52
	Clinical cases	p. 53
2	Back
	Conceptual overview	p. 56
	General description	p. 56
	Functions	p. 57
	Support	p. 57
	Movement	p. 57
	Protection of the nervous system	p. 58
	Component parts	p. 58
	Bones	p. 58
	Muscles	p. 60
	Vertebral canal	p. 62
	Spinal nerves	p. 63
	Relationship to other regions	p. 64
	Head	p. 64
	Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis	p. 65
	Limbs	p. 65
	Key features	p. 65
	Long vertebral column and short spinal cord	p. 65
	Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves	p. 66
	Innervation of the back	p. 66
	Regional anatomy	p. 67
	Skeletal framework	p. 67
	Vertebrae	p. 67
	Intervertebral foramina	p. 75
	Posterior spaces between vertebral arches	p. 75
	Joints	p. 79
	Joints between vertebrae in the back	p. 79
	Ligaments	p. 82
	Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments	p. 82
	Ligamenta flava	p. 82
	Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae	p. 83
	Interspinous ligaments	p. 84
	Back musculature	p. 86
	Superficial group of back muscles	p. 86
	Intermediate group of back muscles	p. 92
	Deep group of back muscles	p. 93
	Suboccipital muscles	p. 99
	Spinal cord	p. 101
	Vasculature	p. 102
	Meninges	p. 104
	Arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal	p. 106
	Spinal nerves	p. 107
	Surface anatomy	p. 112
	Back surface anatomy	p. 112
	Absence of lateral curvatures	p. 112
	Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittal plane	p. 112
	Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks	p. 112
	How to identify specific vertebral spinous processes	p. 114
	Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space	p. 115
	Identifying major muscles	p. 116
	Clinical cases	p. 118
3	Thorax
	Conceptual overview	p. 124
	General description	p. 124
	Functions	p. 125
	Breathing	p. 125
	Protection of vital organs	p. 125
	Conduit	p. 125
	Component parts	p. 125
	Thoracic wall	p. 125
	Superior thoracic aperture	p. 126
	Inferior thoracic aperture	p. 126
	Diaphragm	p. 127
	Mediastinum	p. 128
	Pleural cavities	p. 128
	Relationship to other regions	p. 129
	Neck	p. 129
	Upper limb	p. 130
	Abdomen	p. 130
	Breast	p. 130
	Key features	p. 130
	Vertebral level TIV/V	p. 130
	Venous shunts from left to right	p. 132
	Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic wall	p. 132
	Sympathetic system	p. 134
	Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture	p. 134
	Innervation of the diaphragm	p. 134
	Regional anatomy	p. 137
	Pectoral region	p. 137
	Breast	p. 137
	Muscles of the pectoral region	p. 139
	Thoracic wall	p. 141
	Skeletal framework	p. 141
	Intercostal spaces	p. 147
	Diaphragm	p. 156
	Venous drainage	p. 158
	Innervation	p. 158
	Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm during breathing	p. 158
	Pleural cavities	p. 159
	Pleura	p. 159
	Lungs	p. 163
	Mediastinum	p. 176
	Middle mediastinum	p. 177
	Superior mediastinum	p. 204
	Posterior mediastinum	p. 215
	Anterior mediastinum	p. 223
	Surface anatomy	p. 224
	Thorax surface anatomy	p. 224
	How to count ribs	p. 224
	Surface anatomy of the breast in women	p. 225
	Visualizing structures at the TIV/V vertebral level	p. 226
	Visualizing structures in the superior mediastinum	p. 227
	Visualizing the margins of the heart	p. 227
	Where to listen for heart sounds	p. 228
	Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs, pleural recesses, and lung lobes and fissures	p. 228
	Where to listen for lung sounds	p. 229
	Clinical cases	p. 233
4	Abdomen
	Conceptual overview	p. 246
	General description	p. 246
	Functions	p. 247
	Houses and protects major viscera	p. 247
	Breathing	p. 249
	Changes in intra-abdominal pressure	p. 249
	Component parts	p. 250
	Wall	p. 250
	Abdominal cavity	p. 251
	Inferior thoracic aperture	p. 253
	Diaphragm	p. 253
	Pelvic inlet	p. 254
	Relationship to other regions	p. 254
	Thorax	p. 254
	Pelvis	p. 254
	Lower limb	p. 255
	Key features	p. 256
	Arrangement of abdominal viscera in the adult	p. 256
	Skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall and thoracic intercostal nerves	p. 259
	The groin is a weak area in the anterior abdominal wall	p. 260
	Verterbral Level L1	p. 262
	The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives are supplied by three major arteries	p. 262
	Venous shunts from left to right	p. 264
	All venous drainage from the gastrointestinal system passes through the liver	p. 265
	Abdominal viscera are supplied by a large prevertebral plexus	p. 266
	Regional anatomy	p. 268
	Surface topography	p. 268
	Four-quadrant pattern	p. 268
	Nine-region pattern	p. 269
	Abdominal wall	p. 270
	Superficial fascia	p. 270
	Anterolateral muscles	p. 272
	Extraperitoneal fascia	p. 278
	Peritoneum	p. 279
	Innervation	p. 279
	Arterial supply and venous drainage	p. 280
	Lymphatic drainage	p. 282
	Groin	p. 282
	Inguinal canal	p. 284
	Inguinal hernias	p. 288
	Abdominal viscera	p. 292
	Peritoneum	p. 292
	Peritoneal cavity	p. 293
	Organs	p. 297
	Arterial supply	p. 327
	Venous drainage	p. 337
	Lymphatics	p. 341
	Innervation	p. 341
	Posterior abdominal region	p. 348
	Posterior abdominal wall	p. 349
	Viscera	p. 355
	Vasculature	p. 366
	Lymphatic system	p. 372
	Nervous system in the posterior abdominal region	p. 374
	Sympathetic trunks and splanchnic nerves	p. 374
	Surface anatomy	p. 382
	Abdomen surface anatomy	p. 382
	Defining the surface projection of the abdomen	p. 383
	How to find the superficial inguinal ring	p. 384
	How to determine lumbar vertebral levels	p. 385
	Visualizing structures at the L1 vertebral level	p. 386
	Visualizing the position of major blood vessels	p. 387
	Using abdominal quadrants to locate major viscera	p. 388
	Defining surface regions to which pain from the gut is referred	p. 389
	Where to find the kidneys	p. 390
	Where to find the spleen	p. 390
	Clinical cases	p. 391
5	Pelvis and perineum Conceptual overview	p. 406
	General description	p. 406
	Functions	p. 406
	Contain and support bladder, rectum, anal canal, and reproductive tracts	p. 406
	Anchors the roots of the external genitalia	p. 408
	Component parts	p. 408
	Pelvic inlet	p. 408
	Pelvic walls	p. 409
	Pelvic outlet	p. 409
	Pelvic floor	p. 411
	Pelvic cavity	p. 411
	Perineum	p. 412
	Relationship to other regions	p. 414
	Abdomen	p. 414
	Lower limb	p. 414
	Key features	p. 415
	The pelvic cavity projects posteriorly	p. 415
	Important structures cross the ureters in the pelvic cavity	p. 415
	The prostate is anterior to rectum	p. 417
	The perineum is innervated by sacral spinal cord segments	p. 417
	Nerves are related to bone	p. 418
	Parasympathetic innervation from spinal cord levels S2 to S4 controls erection	p. 418
	Muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor and perineum intersect at the perineal body	p. 419
	Gender determines the course of the urethra	p. 419
	Regional anatomy	p. 421
	Pelvis	p. 421
	Bones	p. 421
	Joints	p. 426
	Orientation	p. 428
	Gender differences	p. 428
	True pelvis	p. 429
	Vicera	p. 438
	Fascia	p. 458
	Peritoneum	p. 460
	Nerves	p. 462
	Blood vessels	p. 471
	Lymphatics	p. 477
	Perineum	p. 478
	Borders and ceiling	p. 478
	Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses	p. 480
	Anal triangle	p. 480
	Urogenital triangle	p. 483
	Somatic nerves	p. 490
	Visceral nerves	p. 492
	Blood vessels	p. 492
	Veins	p. 494
	Lymphatics	p. 496
	Surface anatomy	p. 497
	Surface anatomy of the pelvis and perineum	p. 497
	Orientation of the pelvis and perineum in the anatomical position	p. 497
	How to define the margins of the perineum	p. 497
	Identification of structures in the anal triangle	p. 499
	Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of women	p. 500
	Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of men	p. 501
	Clinical cases	p. 504
6	Lower limb Conceptual overview	p. 512
	General introduction	p. 512
	Function	p. 513
	Support the body weight	p. 513
	Locomotion	p. 515
	Component parts	p. 517
	Bones and joints	p. 517
	Muscles	p. 518
	Relationship to other regions	p. 520
	Abdomen	p. 520
	Pelvis	p. 521
	Perineum	p. 521
	Key points	p. 521
	Innervation is by lumbar and sacral spinal nerves	p. 521
	Nerves related to bone	p. 525
	Superficial veins	p. 525
	Regional anatomy	p. 526
	Bony pelvis	p. 526
	Proximal femur	p. 529
	Hip joint	p. 532
	Gateways to the lower limb	p. 535
	Nerves	p. 537
	Arteries	p. 540
	Veins	p. 542
	Lymphatics	p. 542
	Deep fascia and the saphenous opening	p. 544
	Femoral triangle	p. 545
	Gluteal region	p. 547
	Muscles	p. 548
	Nerves	p. 551
	Arteries	p. 554
	Veins	p. 554
	Lymphatics	p. 554
	Thigh	p. 555
	Bones	p. 555
	Muscles	p. 561
	Arteries	p. 569
	Veins	p. 573
	Nerves	p. 573
	Knee joint	p. 575
	Tibiofibular joint	p. 584
	Popliteal fossa	p. 584
	Leg	p. 585
	Bones	p. 586
	Joints	p. 588
	Posterior compartment of leg	p. 588
	Lateral compartment of leg	p. 595
	Anterior compartment of leg	p. 596
	Foot	p. 600
	Bones	p. 600
	Joints	p. 605
	Tarsal tunnel, retinacula, and arrangement of major structures at the ankle	p. 612
	Arches of the foot	p. 614
	Plantar aponeurosis	p. 615
	Fibrous sheaths of toes	p. 615
	Extensor hoods	p. 616
	Intrinsic muscles	p. 616
	Arteries	p. 622
	Veins	p. 624
	Nerves	p. 624
	Surface anatomy	p. 628
	Lower limb surface anatomy	p. 628
	Avoiding the sciatic nerve	p. 628
	Finding the femoral artery in the femoral triangle	p. 630
	Identifying structures around the knee	p. 630
	Visualizing the contents of the popliteal fossa	p. 632
	Finding the tarsal tunnel-the gateway to the foot	p. 633
	Identifying tendons around the ankle and in the foot	p. 634
	Finding the dorsalis pedis artery	p. 635
	Approximating the position of the plantar arterial arch	p. 635
	Major superficial veins	p. 636
	Pulse points	p. 637
	Clinical cases	p. 638
7	Upper limb
	Conceptual overview	p. 650
	General description	p. 650
	Functions	p. 651
	Positioning the hand	p. 651
	The hand as a mechanical tool	p. 651
	The hand as a sensory tool	p. 654
	Component parts	p. 654
	Bones and joints	p. 654
	Muscles	p. 655
	Relationship to other regions	p. 657
	Neck	p. 657
	Back and thoracic wall	p. 658
	Key points	p. 659
	Innervation by cervical and upper thoracic nerves	p. 659
	Nerves related to bone	p. 663
	Superficial veins	p. 663
	Orientation of the thumb	p. 664
	Regional anatomy	p. 665
	Shoulder	p. 665
	Bones	p. 665
	Joints	p. 668
	Muscles	p. 675
	Posterior scapular region	p. 678
	Muscles	p. 678
	Gateways to the posterior scapular region	p. 680
	Nerves	p. 682
	Arteries and veins	p. 682
	Axilla	p. 684
	Axillary inlet	p. 685
	Anterior wall	p. 686
	Medial wall	p. 688
	Lateral wall	p. 690
	Posterior wall	p. 691
	Gateways in the posterior wall	p. 692
	Floor	p. 693
	Contents of the axilla	p. 693
	Arm	p. 710
	Bones	p. 712
	Muscles	p. 715
	Arteries and veins	p. 717
	Nerves	p. 720
	Elbow joint	p. 724
	Cubital fossa	p. 729
	Forearm	p. 731
	Bones	p. 732
	Joints	p. 734
	Anterior compartment of the forearm	p. 736
	Muscles	p. 736
	Arteries and veins	p. 742
	Nerves	p. 743
	Posterior compartment of the forearm	p. 745
	Muscles	p. 745
	Arteries and veins	p. 750
	Nerves	p. 751
	Hand	p. 751
	Bones	p. 752
	Joints	p. 754
	Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist	p. 756
	Palmar aponeurosis	p. 758
	Palmaris brevis	p. 759
	Anatomical snuffbox	p. 759
	Fibrous digital sheaths	p. 759
	Extensor hoods	p. 760
	Muscles	p. 762
	Arteries and veins	p. 767
	Nerves	p. 770
	Surface anatomy	p. 775
	Upper limb surface anatomy	p. 775
	Bony landmarks and muscles of the posterior scapular region	p. 775
	Visualizing the axilla and locating contents and related structures	p. 777
	Locating the brachial artery in the arm	p. 779
	The triceps brachii tendon and position of the radial nerve	p. 779
	Cubital fossa (anterior view)	p. 779
	Identifying tendons and locating major vessels and nerves in the distal forearm	p. 781
	Normal appearance of the hand	p. 782
	Position of the flexor retinaculum and the recurrent branch of the median nerve	p. 783
	Motor function of the median and ulnar nerves in the hand	p. 783
	Visualizing the positions of the superficial and deep palmar arches	p. 784
	Pulse points	p. 784
	Clinical cases	p. 786
8	Head and neck
	Conceptual overview	p. 796
	General description	p. 796
	Head	p. 796
	Neck	p. 798
	Functions	p. 799
	Protection	p. 799
	Contains upper parts of respiratory and digestive tracts	p. 799
	Communication	p. 800
	Positioning the head	p. 800
	Connects the upper and lower respiratory and digestive tracts	p. 800
	Component parts	p. 800
	Skull	p. 800
	Cervical vertebrae	p. 802
	Hyoid bone	p. 803
	Soft palate	p. 804
	Muscles	p. 804
	Relationship to other regions	p. 805
	Thorax	p. 805
	Upper limbs	p. 805
	Key features	p. 806
	Vertebral levels CIII/IV and CV/VI	p. 806
	Airway in the neck	p. 806
	Cranial nerves	p. 807
	Cervical nerves	p. 808
	Functional separation of the digestive and respiratory passages	p. 808
	Triangles of the neck	p. 811
	Regional anatomy	p. 812
	Skull	p. 812
	Anterior view	p. 812
	Lateral view	p. 814
	Posterior view	p. 816
	Superior view	p. 818
	Inferior view	p. 819
	Cranial cavity	p. 822
	Roof	p. 822
	Floor	p. 823
	Meninges	p. 830
	Cranial dura mater	p. 830
	Arachnoid mater	p. 833
	Pia mater	p. 833
	Arrangement of meninges and spaces	p. 834
	Brain and its blood supply	p. 835
	Brain	p. 835
	Blood supply	p. 837
	Venous drainage	p. 842
	Cranial nerves	p. 848
	Olfactory nerve [I]	p. 849
	Optic nerve [II]	p. 850
	Oculomotor nerve [III]	p. 850
	Trochlear nerve [IV]	p. 850
	Trigeminal nerve [V]	p. 851
	Ophthalmic nerve [V1]	p. 852
	Maxillary nerve [V2]	p. 852
	Mandibular nerve [V3]	p. 852
	Abducent nerve [VI]	p. 852
	Facial nerve [VII]	p. 852
	Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII]	p. 853
	Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]	p. 853
	Vagus nerve [X]	p. 853
	Accessory nerve [XI]	p. 854
	Hypoglossal nerve [XII]	p. 854
	Face	p. 856
	Muscles	p. 857
	Parotid gland	p. 863
	Innervation	p. 865
	Vessels	p. 869
	Scalp	p. 873
	Layers	p. 873
	Innervation	p. 874
	Vessels	p. 876
	Lymphatic drainage	p. 877
	Orbit	p. 878
	Bony orbit	p. 878
	Eyelids	p. 879
	Lacrimal apparatus	p. 882
	Sensory innervation	p. 882
	Fissures and foramina	p. 885
	Fascial specializations	p. 886
	Muscles	p. 887
	Vessels	p. 892
	Innervation	p. 893
	Eyeball	p. 898
	Ear	p. 902
	External ear	p. 903
	Middle ear	p. 906
	Internal ear	p. 913
	Temporal and infratemporal fossae	p. 920
	Bony framework	p. 920
	Temporomandibular joints	p. 922
	Masseter muscle	p. 925
	Temporal fossa	p. 926
	Infratemporal fossa	p. 929
	Pterygopalatine fossa	p. 940
	Skeletal framework	p. 940
	Gateways	p. 941
	Contents	p. 942
	Neck	p. 947
	Fascia	p. 948
	Superficial venous drainage	p. 950
	Anterior triangle of the neck	p. 954
	Posterior triangle of the neck	p. 968
	Root of the neck	p. 976
	Pharynx	p. 985
	Skeletal framework	p. 986
	Pharyngeal wall	p. 987
	Fascia	p. 990
	Gaps in the pharyngeal wall and structures passing through them	p. 990
	Nasopharynx	p. 991
	Oropharynx	p. 993
	Laryngopharynx	p. 993
	Tonsils	p. 993
	Vessels	p. 994
	Nerves	p. 996
	Larynx	p. 997
	Laryngeal cartilages	p. 998
	Extrinsic ligaments	p. 1000
	Intrinsic ligaments	p. 1001
	Laryngeal joints	p. 1002
	Cavity of the larynx	p. 1003
	Intrinsic muscles	p. 1005
	Function of the larynx	p. 1008
	Vessels	p. 1010
	Nerves	p. 1012
	Nasal cavities	p. 1013
	Lateral wall	p. 1014
	Regions	p. 1015
	Innervation and blood supply	p. 1016
	Skeletal framework	p. 1016
	External nose	p. 1018
	Paranasal sinuses	p. 1018
	Walls, floor, and roof	p. 1020
	Nares	p. 1024
	Choanae	p. 1024
	Gateways	p. 1024
	Vessels	p. 1026
	Innervation	p. 1028
	Oral cavity	p. 1030
	Multiple nerves innervate the oral cavity	p. 1031
	Skeletal framework	p. 1031
	Walls: the cheeks	p. 1034
	Floor	p. 1035
	Tongue	p. 1037
	Salivary glands	p. 1044
	Roof-palate	p. 1047
	Oral fissure and lips	p. 1055
	Oropharyngeal isthmus	p. 1055
	Teeth and gingivae	p. 1056
	Surface anatomy	p. 1061
	Head and neck surface anatomy	p. 1061
	Anatomical position of the head and major landmarks	p. 1062
	Visualizing structures at the CIII/CIV and CVI vertebral levels	p. 1063
	How to outline the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck	p. 1063
	How to locate the cricothyroid ligament	p. 1064
	How to find the thyroid gland	p. 1065
	Estimating the position of the middle meningeal artery	p. 1066
	Major features of the face	p. 1067
	The eye and lacrimal apparatus	p. 1068
	External ear	p. 1069
	Pulse points	p. 1070
	Clinical cases	p. 1071

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