Previous edition: London: Academic, 2009.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. A History of Public Health. Introduction -- Prehistoric Societies -- The Ancient World -- The Early Medieval Period (Fifth to Tenth Centuries CE) -- The Late Medieval Period (Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries) -- The Renaissance (1400--1600s) -- Enlightenment, Science, and Revolution (1600s--1800s) -- Eighteenth-Century Reforms -- Applied Epidemiology -- Jenner and Vaccination -- Foundations of Health Statistics and Epidemiology -- Social Reform and the Sanitary Movement (1830--1875) -- Social Security -- Snow on Cholera -- The Germ and Miasma Theories -- Hospital Reform -- The Bacteriological Revolution -- Pasteur, Cohn, Koch, and Lister -- The Basis of Genetics -- Vectorborne Disease -- Microbiology and Immunology -- Poliomyelitis -- Advances in Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases -- Infections and Chronic Diseases -- Maternal and Child Health -- Nutrition in Public Health -- Military Medicine -- Globalization of Health -- Epidemiological Transition -- Achievements of Public Health in the Twentieth Century -- Creating and Managing Health Systems -- Challenges in the Twenty-First Century -- Summary -- Historical Markers -- Note -- Bibliography -- 2. Expanding the Concept of Public Health. Introduction -- Concepts of Public Health -- Evolution of Public Health -- Health and Disease -- The Host-Agent--Environment Paradigm -- The Expanded Host-Agent-Environment Paradigm -- The Natural History of Disease -- Society and Health -- Health Insurance Systems -- Health Promotion -- Social Determinants of Health -- Modes of Prevention -- Health Promotion -- Health Protection -- Primary Prevention -- Secondary Prevention -- Tertiary Prevention -- Demographic and Epidemiological Transition -- Interdependence of Health Services -- Defining Public Health -- Social Medicine and Community Health -- Social Hygiene, Eugenics, and Corruption of Public Health Concepts -- Medical Ecology -- Community-Oriented Primary Care -- The World Health Organization's Definition of Health -- Alma-Ata: Health for All -- Selective Primary Care -- The Risk Approach -- The Case for Action -- Political Economy and Health -- Social, Behavioral, and Political Sciences -- Health and Development -- Health Systems: The Case for Reform -- Advocacy and Consumerism -- Professional Advocacy and Resistance -- Consumerism -- The Health Field Concept -- The Value of Medical Care in Public Health -- Health Targets -- US Health Targets -- European Health Targets -- UK Health Targets -- Individual and Community Participation in Health -- Founding of Health Promotion: The Ottawa Charter of 1986 -- State and Community Models of Health Promotion -- Healthy Cities/Towns/Municipalities -- Human Ecology and Health Promotion -- Defining Public Health Standards -- Integrative Approaches to Public Health -- Achievements of Public Health -- The Future of Public Health -- The New Public Health -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- 3. Measuring, Monitoring, and Evaluating the Health of a Population. Introduction -- Demography -- Fertility -- Population Pyramid -- Life Expectancy -- Epidemiology -- Social Epidemiology -- Epidemiology in Building Health Policy -- Definitions and Methods of Epidemiology -- Rates and Ratios -- Measures of Disease Occurrence or Morbidity -- Prevalence Rates -- Measures of Mortality -- Social Classification -- Sentinel Events -- The Burden of Disease -- Years of Potential Life Lost -- Qualitative Measures of Morbidity and Mortality -- Measurement -- Research and Survey Methods -- Variables -- The Null Hypothesis -- Confounders -- Sampling -- Random Sampling -- Normal Distribution -- Standardization of Rates -- Direct Method of Standardization -- Indirect Method of Standardization -- Potential Errors in Measurement -- Reliability -- Validity -- Screening for Disease -- Epidemiological Studies -- Observational Studies -- Experimental Epidemiology -- Establishing Causal Relationships -- Notification of Diseases -- Special Registries and Reporting Systems -- Disease Classification -- Hospital Discharge Information -- Health Information Systems (Informatics) -- WHO European Region Health for All Database -- Surveillance, Reporting, and Publication -- Assessing the Health of the Individual -- Assessment of Population Health -- Defining the Population -- Health Care Financing and Organization -- Health Care Resources -- Utilization of Services -- Health Care Outcomes -- Quality of Care -- Self-Assessment of Health -- Costs and Benefits -- Effects of Intervention -- Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods -- From Health Information to Knowledge to Policy -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography --

4. Communicable Diseases. Introduction -- Public Health and the Control of Communicable Disease -- The Nature of Communicable Disease -- Host-Agent-Environment Triad -- Classifications of Communicable Diseases -- Modes of Transmission of Disease -- Immunity -- Surveillance -- Healthcare-Associated Infections -- Endemic and Epidemic Disease -- Epidemic Investigation -- Control of Communicable Diseases -- Treatment -- Methods of Prevention -- Vaccine-Preventable Diseases -- Immunization Coverage -- Vaccine Regulation, Schedules, and Programs -- Essentials of an Immunization Program -- Regulation of Vaccines -- Vaccine Development -- Connections Between Infectious and Chronic Diseases -- Control and Eradication of Infectious Diseases -- Success in Eradicating Smallpox -- Eradication of Poliomyelitis -- Future Candidates for Disease -- Eradication -- Criteria for Eradicable Diseases -- Directly Observed Therapy Short Course (DOTS) -- Vectorborne Diseases -- Malaria -- Rickettsial Infections -- Arboviruses (Arthropod-Borne Viral Diseases) -- Lyme Disease -- Neglected Tropical Diseases -- Echinococcosis -- Tapeworm -- Onchocerciasis -- Dracunculiasis -- Schistosomiasis -- Leishmaniasis -- Trypanosomiasis -- Other Parasitic Diseases -- Legionnaire's Disease -- Leprosy -- Sexually Transmitted Infections -- Syphilis -- Gonorrhea -- Chancroid -- Herpes Simplex -- Chlamydia -- Trachoma -- Trichomoniasis -- Human Papillomavirus -- Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections -- HIV/AIDS -- Diarrheal Diseases -- Salmonella -- Shigella -- Escherichia coli -- Cholera -- Viral Gastroenteritis -- Parasitic Gastroenteritis -- A Program Approach to Diarrheal Disease Control -- Acute Respiratory Infections -- Inequalities in Control of Communicable Diseases -- Communicable Disease Control in the New Public Health -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- 5. Non-Communicable Diseases and Conditions. Introduction -- The Rise and Spread of Chronic Disease -- Environment and Lifestyle -- Global Burden of Mortality -- Risk Factors, Health Promotion, and Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases -- Tobacco -- Alcohol and Other Drugs -- Physical Activity -- Hypertension -- Diet and Obesity -- Mental Illness -- Genetic, Infectious, and Non-Communicable Diseases -- The Social and Economic Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases -- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention -- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Prevention of Diabetes and Its Complications -- Cancer -- Prevention of Carton -- Trauma, Violence, and Injury -- Motor Vehicle Accidents -- Domestic and Sexual Violence -- Suicide -- Poisoning -- Homicide -- Prevention of Violence -- Chronic Lung Disease -- Asthma -- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -- Restrictive Lung Diseases -- Occupational Lung Diseases -- End-Stage Renal Disease -- Disabling Conditions -- Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders -- Osteoporosis -- Degenerative Osteoarthritis -- Rheumatoid Arthritis and Gout -- Low Back and Neck Pain Syndromes -- Neurological Disorders -- Alzheimer's Disease -- Parkinson's Disease -- Multiple Sclerosis -- Epilepsy or Seizures -- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury -- Visual Disorders -- Hearing Disorders -- Non-Communicable Diseases and the New Public Health -- Integrated Non-Communicable Disease Prevention and Control -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- Recommended Reading -- Global Burden of Non-Communicable -- Diseases -- Social Determinants, Environment, and Economics of Non-Communicable Diseases -- Risk Factors, Health Promotion, and Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases -- Smoking -- Diet, Physical Activity, and Obesity -- Infectious Diseases and Non-Communicable Diseases -- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases -- Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes Mellitus, and End-Stage Renal Disease -- Cancer -- Trauma, Violence, Injury, and Suicide -- Chronic Lung Disease -- Disabling Conditions -- 6. Family Health. Introduction -- The Family Unit -- Preventive Health through Life Stages -- The Family Physician Cannot do All This Alone -- Maternal Health -- Fertility -- Public Health Challenges of Fertility -- Family Planning -- Maternal Mortality and Morbidity -- Pregnancy Care -- High-Risk Pregnancy -- Labor and Delivery -- Safe Motherhood Initiatives -- Care of the Newborn -- Low Birth Weight/Preterm Birth -- Postdelivery Care (Puerperium) -- Genetic and Birth Disorders -- Rhesus Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn -- Neural Tube Defects -- Cerebral Palsy -- Low Birth Weight and Developmental Disability -- Down Syndrome -- Cystic Fibrosis -- Sickle-Cell Disease -- Thalassemia -- Phenylketonuria -- Congenital Hypothyroidism -- Congenital Syphilis -- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome -- Tay--Sachs Disease -- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency -- Familial Mediterranean Fever -- Infant and Child Health -- Fetal and Infant Mortality -- Infancy Care and Feeding -- Anticipatory Counseling -- Documentation, Records, and Monitoring -- Preschool Children (Age 1-5 Years) -- School and Adolescent Health -- Smoking -- Alcohol Abuse -- Drug Abuse -- Sexual Risk Behavior -- Dietary Risk Behavior -- Physical Activity -- Violence and Gang Behavior -- Adult Health -- Women's Health -- Men's Health -- Health of Older Adults -- Health Maintenance for Older Adults -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography --

7. Special Community Health Needs. Introduction -- Mental Health -- Historical Changes in Methods of Treatment -- Mental Health Epidemiology -- Mental Disorder Syndromes -- Controversies in Mental Health Policies -- Community-Oriented Mental Health -- Prevention and Health Promotion -- Intellectual Disability -- Oral Health -- Fluoridation -- Periodontal Disease -- Dental Care -- Oral Cancer -- Physical Disability and Rehabilitation -- Special Croup Health Needs -- Cay and Lesbian Health -- Native Peoples' Health -- Prisoners' Health -- Migrant Population Health -- Homeless Population Health -- Refugee Health -- Military Medicine -- Health in Disasters -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- Mental Health -- Oral Health -- Disability and Rehabilitation -- Cay and Lesbian Health -- Native Peoples' Health -- Prisoners' Health -- Migrant and Refugee Health -- Military Medicine -- Disasters and Health -- 8. Nutrition and Food Safety. Introduction -- Development of Nutrition in Public Health -- Nutrition in a Global Context -- Nutrition and Infection -- Functions of Food -- Human Nutritional Requirements -- Carbohydrates -- Proteins -- Fats and Oils -- Vitamins -- Minerals and Trace Elements -- Growth -- Measuring Body Mass -- Recommended Dietary Intakes -- Disorders of Undernutrition -- Underweight: Protein---Energy Malnutrition -- Failure to Thrive -- Marasmus -- Kwashiorkor -- Micronutrient Deficiencies -- Osteoporosis -- Eating Disorders -- Diseases of Overnutrition -- Overweight/Obesity -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Cardiovascular Diseases -- Cancer -- Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation -- Promoting Healthy Diets and Lifestyles -- Dietary Guidelines -- Vitamin and Mineral Enrichment of Basic Foods -- Controversy in Food Enrichment -- Genetically Modified Foods -- Food and Nutrition Policy -- Evolution of a Federal Role -- Nutrition Issues in Development Policies -- Role of the Private Sector and Non-Governmental Organizations -- Role of Health Providers -- Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation -- Standard Reference Populations -- Measuring Deviation from the Reference Population -- Global Nutrition Targets for 2025 -- Food Quality and Safety -- Nutrition and the New Public Health -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- Recommended Reading -- Foodborne Illness, Nutrition, and Infectious Disease -- Monitoring Growth and Body Mass -- Nutrient Requirements, Recommended Dietary Intakes, and Dietary Guidelines -- Micronutrient Deficiency Conditions -- Vitamin D and Bone Health -- Nutrition, Obesity, and Chronic Disease -- Maternal/Child Nutrition and Survival -- Food Fortification -- Food and Nutrition Policy, and Food Security -- Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation -- 9. Environmental and Occupational Health. Environmental Health -- Introduction -- Global Environmental Issues -- Geographic and Environmental Epidemiology -- Environmental Targets -- Environment and Infectious Diseases -- Global Climate Change -- Environmental Impact on Health Burden of Disease -- Community Water Supplies -- Waterborne Diseases -- Waterborne Disease Surveillance and Prevalence, USA -- Water as a Global Resource -- Sewage Collection and Treatment -- Solid Waste -- Toxins -- Toxic Effects on Fertility -- Toxic Effects of Lead in the Environment -- Agricultural and Environmental Hazards -- Air Pollution -- The External Environment -- Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether -- Indoor Pollution -- Effects of Indoor Air Pollution -- Radon Gas -- Outdoor--Indoor Pollutants -- Biological Pollutants -- Built Environment and Health -- Hazardous or Toxic Wastes -- Minimata Disease -- Toxic Waste Management -- Radiation -- Ionizing Radiation -- Non-Ionizing Radiation -- Environmental Impact -- Emergency Events Involving Hazardous Substances -- Human-Caused Disasters -- War, Terrorism, and Genocide -- Preventing and Managing Environmental Emergencies -- Environmental Health Organization -- Occupational Health -- Introduction -- Development of Occupational Health -- The Health of Workers -- The Burden of Occupational Morbidity and Mortality -- Occupational Health Priorities in the USA -- International Issues in Occupational Health -- National and Management Responsibilities -- Standards and Monitoring -- Occupational Health Targets -- Occupational Injury -- Toxicity at the Workplace and in the Environment -- Lead -- Asbestos -- Silica -- Cotton Dust (Byssinosis) -- Vinyl Chloride -- Agent Orange -- Workplace Violence -- Occupational Health in Clinical Practice -- Inspecting the Place of Work -- Risk Assessment -- Preventing Disasters in the Workplace -- Occupation and The New Public Health -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- Environmental Health -- Occupational Health --

10. Organization of Public Health Systems. Introduction -- Government and Health of the Nation -- Federal and Unitary States -- Checks and Balances in Health Authority -- Government and the Individual -- Functions of Public Health -- Regulatory Functions of Public Health Agencies -- Investigative Functions of Public Health -- Prevention of Injuries -- Methods of Providing or Assuring Services: Direct or Indirect? -- Non-Governmental Roles in Health -- Disasters and Public Health Preparedness -- Medical Practice and Public Health -- Incentives and Regulation -- Promotion of Research and Teaching -- Accreditation and Quality Regulation -- National Government Public Health Services -- State Government Public Health Services -- Local Health Authorities -- Accreditation of Public Health Departments -- Monitoring Health Status -- National Health Targets -- Universal Health Coverage and the New Public Health -- Hospitals in the New Public Health -- Hospital Classification -- Supply of Hospital Beds -- The Changing Role of the Hospital -- Innovations in Health Care Delivery -- The Uninsured as a Public Health Challenge -- US Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- Agencies and Organizations -- Recommended Reading -- 11. Measuring Costs: The Economics of Health. Introduction -- Economic Issues of Health Systems -- Investing in Health -- Basic Concepts in Health Economics -- Supply, Need, Demand, and Utilization of Health Services -- Normative Needs -- Felt Need -- Expressed Need -- Comparative Need -- Demand -- Supply -- Grossman's Demand Model -- Competition in Health Care -- Elasticities of Demand -- Measuring Costs -- Economic Measures of Health Status -- Cost--Benefit Analysis -- Cost-Effectiveness Analysis -- Basic Assessment Scheme for Intervention Costs and Consequences -- The Value of Human Life -- Health Financing: The Macroeconomic Level -- Costs of Illness -- Costs and Variations in Medical Practice -- Cost Containment -- Medical and Hospital Care: Microeconomics -- Payment for Doctors' Services -- Payment for Comprehensive Care -- Health Maintenance and Managed Care Organizations -- District Health Systems -- Paying for Hospital Care -- Capital Costs -- Hospital Supply, Utilization, and Costs -- Modified Market Forces -- Economics of Prevention -- Game Theory, Economics, and Health Policy -- Economics and the New Public Health -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- 12. Planning and Managing Health Systems. Introduction -- Health Policy and Planning as Context -- The Elements of Organizations -- Scientific Management -- Bureaucratic Pyramidal Organizations -- Organizations as Energy Systems -- Cybernetics and Management -- Target-Oriented Management -- Operations Research -- Management by Objectives -- Human Relations Management -- The Hawthorne Effect -- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs -- Theory X--Theory Y -- Network Organization -- Total Quality Management -- Changing Human Behavior -- Empowerment -- Strategic Management of Health Systems -- Health System Organization Models -- Functional Model -- Corporate Model -- Matrix Model -- Skills for Management -- The Chief Executive Officer of Health Organizations -- Community Participation -- Integration: Lateral and Vertical -- Norms and Performance Indicators -- Health Promotion and Advocacy -- Philanthropy and Volunteerism -- New Organizational Models -- New Projects and their Evaluation -- Competencies in Health Policy and Management -- Systems Approach and National Planning -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- Electronic Resources -- Recommended Reading -- 13. National Health Systems. Introduction -- Health Systems in the Industrialized Countries -- Evolution of Health Systems -- Social Insurance -- National Health Service -- National Health Insurance -- The United States -- Federal Health Initiatives -- Medicare and Medicaid -- The Changing Health Care Environment -- Health Information -- Health Targets -- Social Inequalities -- The Dilemma of the Uninsured -- Summary -- Canada -- Reform Pressures and Initiatives -- Provincial Health Reforms -- Health Status -- Summary -- The United Kingdom -- The National Health Service -- Reforms in the 1970s and 1980s -- Reforms Since 1990 -- Social and Regional Inequalities -- Health Promotion -- Health Reforms -- Primary Care Trusts -- Summary -- The Nordic Countries -- Sweden -- Denmark -- Norway -- Finland -- Western Europe -- Germany -- The Netherlands -- Russia -- The Soviet Model -- Epidemiological Transition -- Post-Soviet Reform -- Future Prospects -- Summary -- Israel -- Origins of the Israeli Health System -- Health Resources and Expenditures -- Health Reforms -- Mental Health -- Healthy Israel 2020 -- Quality Assurance -- Summary -- Health Systems in Developing Countries -- Federal Republic of Nigeria -- Female Genital Mutilation -- Communicable Diseases -- Non-Communicable Diseases -- Nigeria's Health System -- Millennium Development Goals -- Cancer -- HIV/AIDS -- Food Fortification/Malnutrition -- Health Reform -- Summary -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Colombia -- Asia -- India -- China -- Japan -- Comparing National Health Systems -- Economic Issues in National Health Systems -- Reforming National Health Systems -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- International -- United States -- Canada -- United Kingdom -- Europe -- Nordic Countries, Germany, and the Netherlands -- Russia -- Israel -- Developing Countries -- Nigeria -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Colombia -- India -- China -- Japan --

14. Human Resources for Health. Introduction -- Overview of Human Resources -- Human Resources Planning -- Supply and Demand -- Medical Education -- Postgraduate Medical Training -- Specialization and Family Practice -- Training in Preventive Medicine -- Nursing Education -- In-Service and Continuing Education -- Accreditation of Health Professional Educational or Training Facilities -- The Range of Health Disciplines -- Licensure and Supervision -- Constraints on the Health Care Provider -- Other Health Professions -- Expanding Roles in Primary Care -- Nurse Practitioners -- Physician Assistants -- Feldshers -- Community Health Workers -- Alternative Medicine -- Changing the Balance -- Education for Public Health and Health Management -- Core Elements for Master of Public Health Programs -- Ranking Universities -- Field Epidemiology -- Public Health Education in Europe -- Health Policy and Management of Human Resources -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- 15. Health Technology, Quality, Law, and Ethics. Introduction -- Innovation, Regulation, and Quality Control -- Appropriate Health Technology -- Priority Interventions in Low- and Medium-Income Countries -- Priority Selection in High-Income Countries -- Health Technology Assessment -- Technology Assessment in Hospitals -- Technology Assessment in Prevention and Health Promotion -- Technology Assessment in National Health Systems -- Dissemination of Technology -- Diffusion of Technology -- Quality Assurance -- Adverse Events and Negligence -- Licensure and Certification -- Health Facility Accreditation -- Peer Review -- Tracer Conditions -- Setting Standards -- Algorithms and Clinical Guidelines -- Organization of Care -- Diagnosis-Related Groups -- Managed Care -- Performance Indicators -- Consumerism and Quality -- The Public Interest -- Total Quality Management -- Public Health Law -- Environmental Health -- Public Health Law Reform -- Ethical Issues In Public Health -- Individual and Community Rights -- Tragic Deviations in Public Health Ethics -- Human Experimentation -- Ethics in Public Health Research -- Ethics in Patient Care -- Sanctity of Life Versus Euthanasia -- The Imperative to Act or Not Act in Public Health -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- Health Technology -- Quality -- Law -- Ethics -- 16. Global Health. Introduction -- The Global Health Situation -- Priorities in Global Health -- Poverty-Illness-Population--Environment -- Child Health -- Maternal Health -- Population Growth -- Malnutrition -- The Fight Against HIV/AIDS and Other Communicable Diseases -- Non-Communicable Diseases -- Disaster Management -- Environment -- Global Partnership for Development -- Development and Health -- Organization for International Health -- World Health Organization -- United Nations Children's Fund -- Non-Governmental Organizations -- The World Bank -- Trends in Global Health -- Emerging Infectious Disease Threats -- Expanding National Health Capacity -- Top-Down and Bottom-Up Development -- Global Health and the New Public Health -- Summary -- Note -- Bibliography -- Global Health -- International Organizations -- Global Health in the Future.