| Machine generated contents note: 1.Watching the Weather -- 1.1.The Influence of Weather -- 1.2.Weather Watchers -- 2.From Seaweed to Supercomputers -- 2.1.The Age of Seaweed -- 2.2.Early Meteorological Advances -- 2.3.The First Forecasts -- 2.4.Looking Up into the Atmosphere -- 2.5.Towards Modern Forecasting -- 3.The Weather Station -- 3.1.Surface Observations -- 3.2.Inside the Stevenson Screen -- 3.3.Outside the Stevenson Screen -- 3.4.Watching the Skies -- 3.5.Automatic Weather Stations -- 4.Gauging the Atmosphere -- 4.1.Measuring the Upper Air -- 4.2.Radar and Lidar -- 4.3.Observations from Space -- 5.Anatomy of the Atmosphete -- 5.1.Composition of the Atmosphere -- 5.2.Pressure, Temperature and Density -- 5.3.The Atmospheric Profile -- 6.Water in the Atmosphere -- 6.1.The Hydrological Cycle -- 6.2.Humidity and Moisture -- 6.3.Water Droplets and Rain -- 6.4.Ice Crystals and Snowflakes -- 7.It All Starts with the Sun -- 7.1.Our Local Star -- 7.2.The Earth in Equilibrium -- 7.3.The Effect of the Atmosphere -- 7.4.The Effect of Clouds -- 8.Hot and Cold -- 8.1.Surface Temperature -- 8.2.Adiabatic Ascent -- 8.3.Clouds, Fog, Dew and Frost -- 8.4.The Spherical Earth -- 8.5.Variation of Total Solar Irradiance -- 8.6.The Earth in Non-Equilibrium -- 9.The Atmosphere in Motion -- 9.1.Highs, Lows and Circulation of Air -- 9.2.The Coriolis Effect -- 9.3.Hadley Cells -- 9.4.Heat Transport in the Mid-Latitudes -- 9.5.The Global Circulation -- 10.Mid-Latitude Weather Systems -- 10.1.The Westerly Flow -- 10.2.Anticyclones and Air Masses -- 10.3.Low-Pressure Systems -- 10.4.Fronts and Conveyor Belts -- 10.5.When Storms Become Severe -- 11.Weather in the Tropics -- 11.1.The Easterly Flow -- 11.2.Intertropical Convergence Zone and Monsoons -- 11.3.Tropical Depressions and Hurricanes -- 11.4.El Nino, La Nina and the Southern Oscillation -- 12.Convective Systems, Tornadoes and Thunderstorms -- 12.1.Unstable Conditions -- 12.2.Cumulonimbus, Thunder and Lightning -- 12.3.Organised Convective Systems -- 12.4.Supercells and Tornadoes -- 13.Local Weather Effects -- 13.1.Coastal Weather -- 13.2.Mountain Weather -- 13.3.Desert Weather -- 13.4.Urban Weather -- 14.Forecasting the Weather -- 14.1.Numerical Weather Prediction -- 14.2.The Initial Conditions -- 14.3.Running the Model -- 14.4.Global and Regional Models -- 14.5.Ensemble Forecasting -- 15.The Forecaster's Challenge -- 15.1.Making a Weather Forecast -- 15.2.Forecasting Hazardous Weather -- 15.3.Users of Forecasts -- 15.4.When Forecasts Go Wrong -- 16.The Changing Climate -- 16.1.Past Records of Climate -- 16.2.Increasing Greenhouse Gas Concentrations -- 16.3.Climate Models -- 16.4.Simulating Past and Future Climate -- 16.5.Adaptation versus Mitigation. |
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